Index

Requirements

Next the requirements for Ciclope Pletier are exposed :

Introduction

In this page general information about Peltier cells, struct, how it works, thermoelectric principles and mathematics models are shown.

Index

Peltier effect (Jean Peltier 1834)

Cuando una corriente pasa a través de la unión de dos tipos de conductores aparece una diferencia de temperatura en los extremos.

Efecto Seebeck(Thomas Seebeck 1821)

Dicho efecto es el contrario que el efecto peltier, es decir al someter a los extremos de dos conductores diferentes a una diferencia de temperatura, aparece una diferencia de tensión que hace fluir una corriente elétrica entre las uniones caliente y fria. El circuito formado por la unión de dos alambres de distinto material se denomina termopar.

Termopar

Joule effect

Al pasar una corriente através de un conductor isotérmico existe una generación de calor.
Dicho efecto es irreversible a diferencia de los anteriores.

Peltier cells

Una célula de peltier es un dispositivo termoeléctrico que convierte la energía eléctrica en energía calorífica. Estas célualas son un alaternativa a la refrigeración medainte compresión y expansión de vapores con la absorción de calor correspondiente. Estos circuitos frigorificos requieren condensadores , evaporadores, compuestos refrigerantes y circuitos de expansión para llevar a cabo su labor. Dichas células basan su funcionamiento en el efecto peltier.Están formadas por un número de de parejas de semiconductores P,N , para poder bombear una cantidad de calor importante. Dichas células se pueden emplear tanto para enfriar como para calentar, aunque para esta segunda opción , existen otras alternativas más eficientes. La organización de los semiconductores en la célula consiste en su conexión en serie eléctricamente y térmicamente en paralelo, situados entre dos placas cerámicas metalizadas.


Esquema celula peltier

El rendimiento de las células puede aumentar colocando en módulo varias células eléctricamente en serie y termicamente en paralelo.

Description

Esquema celula peltier

Cooler

La potencia eléctrica es empleada para bombear el calor de la cara fría a la caliente. Existen dos fenómenos que impiden que toda la potencia eléctrica sea transformada en calor bombeado:

Advantages and disadvantages

Existen una serie de ventajas e inconvenientes en la utilización de dichas células como elemento refrigerador frente a otro tipo de elementos.


Tambien existen una serie de desventajas asociadas:

Mathematics models

A continuación se describen el modelos matemático de una célula de Peltier.
P= Potencia
I=Intensidad
Tc=
Tf=
V=Tensión aplicada
Rm=Resistenca eléctrica
CT=Coeficiente de Thomson
Fs=Factor de Seebeck

C.O.P (Coeficiente de amplificación calorífica)
El COP es una medida que proporciona la eficacia calculada como el cociente entre el efecto a conseguir y el trabajo que se realiza para obtener dicho efecto.
Partiendo de lo anterior se puede definir:

Eficacia enfriando:Q2/W
Eficacia calentando:Q1/W

Donde:
Q1=Calor cedido al foco caliente.
Q2=Calor extraido del foco frío.
W=Q1-Q2

Balance energético:

P=Fs(Tc-Tf)I-CTI(Tc-Tf)+I2Rm
V=Fs(Tc-Tf)

Modelo de Melcor (ver enlaces Melcor):

Qf=-FsTfI + 1/2 I2R + (Tc-Tf)/RTH

siendo:
Qf=Flujo calorífico entregado por la cara caliente.
RTH=Resistencia térmica que explica el efecto de conductividad térmica.

Potencia entregada:

RI2 + Fsinc(TI)

La célula de peltier se comporta como un sistema de primer orden con una constante de tiempo T y función de transferencia:

K/1+Ts

Control clásico

En construcción..

RTAI COMEDI

Introduction

Next the process to install and configure COMEDI is exposed.

Index

COMEDI (Control and Measurement Device Interface)

Comedi is a set of drivers , libraries and tools for data acquisition.

Previous

if you want real time support you must install RTAI or RTlinux before install comedi.
ADEOS
RTAI over adeos.

Getting COMEDI

Download comedi and comedilib . We are using :
Comedi.0.7.68.tar.gz
Comedilib.0.7.21.tar.gz

cd /"install dir"
tar -zxvf comedi.0.7.68.tar.gz
ln -s comedi ./comedi.0.7.68
tar -zxvf comedilib.0.7.21.tar.gz
ln -s comedilib ./comedilib.0.7.21

Comedi Installation

After unpack the comedi package in the same location, follow the next steps: Configure,compile and install .
make dev to create /dev/comediN, (N=0..9 ).
su to root.

cd comedi
./configure
make
make install
make dev

Comedilib installation

Same way of the previous steps to install comedi.

cd comedilib
./configure
make
make install

Comedi debian

apt-get install libcomedi0 libcomedi-dev comedi-source
cd /usr/src/
tar zxf comedi.tar.gz
cd modules/comedi
./configure
make
make install
make dev

MODULE Auto loading

To autoload the modules put into the following lines /etc/modules.conf:

alias char-major-98 comedi
alias char-major-98-0 "driver elegido"

And put into /etc/modules:

comedi
kcomedilib
comedi_rt_timer
pcl812 (or your card driver)

Drivers loading

To load installed drivers , su to root and follow the next steps, lookfor in {install dir}/comedi/Documentacion/comedi/devices.txt to lookfor your driver.

modprobe comedi
modprobe "your_driver " ej: modprobe pcl812
modprobe comedi_rt_timer

Configuration

Bind /dev/comediN and driver using comedi_config , ( man comedi_config). Card's features can be found at {directorio_comedi}/comedi/Documentation/comedi/drivers.txt and "driver.c" file .


Considering the jumpers and switch configuration run comedi_config with de suitable options:

comedi_config /dev/comedi0 pcl812pg 0x220 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Next arguments is an example for our card PCL812PG :
0x220 See PCL812pg manual.
[1]6 IRQ channel
[2]3 DMA level 3 enable
[3]0
[4]1
[5]0

Testing

To test the installation with our I/O card, read {install_dir}/comedilib/testing/readme and do make and ./comedi_test.

cd /{Install_dir}/comedilib/testing
make
./comedi_test

Un-installation

Go to the installation dir and run the next command.

make distclean

Example 1: PWM (Pulse Wide Modulation)

Next ,a little example using RTAI is shown. This example can be develop in user-space and uses the driver include on COMEDI.
The example consist on PWM (Pulse wide Modulation). This is a simple exercise to use RTAI, it can be resolve with only one periodic task . We can use a servo to probe, and the var to control can be the use factor defined as :
ß=Ton/T.
Where T is the control signal pulse period (50 Hz => 20 ms), and Ton the time during the signal stay in high level.
Imagen descripcióm PWM
Its no necesary to use a hard real time task to control the servo due to the frequency range operation is around 50 Hz, so we can use a soft real time task in user space(See RTAI documentation),it's possible that in user space could be some problems if we don't use rt_allow_noroot_hrt due to it is necesary root permision to set the scheduler policy.
To compile the example source su to root and execute something like: gcc -I/usr/src/rtai/include -lcomedi -g -o (...etc) bin source.c


Nest graphics show the response output for an concret alfa (use factor)

Response servo image

Examples source using threads
Examples source tasks using fork()
Examples source tasks using fork()
Papers

Example 2: Articulated arm with two degree movement using 2 servos.

Follow with the example describe first, we can control N servos , each one independently. We can implement this in diferents ways: we can use threads, or process using RTAI LXRT or use a kernel module with RTAI. There are some disadvantages derived from the number of task (servos) to control, we asume one task for one servo, because the number of context switch increments and this can produce overhead and disturb the temporal requirements. even so the number of servos use for this example is little and that options can solve the problem and its develop it is not difficult. Other way is use one task and an struct to keep on the each servo and it's Ton or use factor. The task has to sleep and wake up the corresponding servo in the appropiate moment.
The source code using threads or process can be found in the previous links or Downloads

Introduction

Next a detail list with the components used to make the scale model.

Index

Heat exchanger

We use four heat exchanger, one of these is use with the hot side of the cell, the other are used with the L165 and transistors. The first one is the biggest and a fan is acoplated to it to force heat exchange.

Sensors

Centigrade Temperature sensor LM35:
This sensor is calibrated in °Celsius. We use three sensors in the model, one of these is locate near the hot side of the cell, other one is locate in the element we want to control its temperature and the last one is used to show ambiental temperature.

Peltier cell

Peltier cell used is made by Melcor number CP 1.0-71-06.
Cell specifications:

IMax(AMps)

3.0

3.0

Hot side temperature

25C

50C

Delta Tmax

67

77

QMax(W)

14.4

16.3

VMax(Voltios)

8.6V

9.1V

Resistence

2.4

2.7

Power supply

We use a dual power supply ±15 V and 3A 5V, 1.5 A +15V.

Heater

We use an Alcor 50 W resistence to simulate an object whose temperature increase and we want to control.

Advantech PCL812PG

High performance, high speed, multifunction data adquisition card useful for a wide range of applications in laboratory and industrial enviroments. For more information lookfor in the user manual.

Operacional amplifier

We use 3 LM324 for signal stage from sensors, each one contain four operational amplifiers.
To the power stage for the cell we use two L165 power operational amplifier.